Historical Events That Took Place on Christmas
While
Christmas is traditionally viewed as a time for family gatherings, gift giving
and church services, the holiday has also coincided with some of history's most
crucial events. The “most wonderful time of the year” has been interrupted by
legendary battles, coronations of kings and scientific breakthroughs, and it
even helped inspire one of the most famous wartime truces on record. Get the
facts on seven famous historical events that fell on Christmas Eve and Christmas
Day.
Often called
the “Father of Europe,” Charlemagne was a Frankish warrior king who united much
of the continent under the banner of the Carolingian Empire. Beginning in the
late 700s, Charlemagne forged a vast kingdom through extensive military campaigns
against the Saxons, the Lombards and the Avars. A devout Catholic, he also
aggressively converted his subjects to Christianity and instituted strict
religious reforms.
On Christmas
Day 800, Pope Leo III crowned Charlemagne “emperor of the Romans” during a
ceremony at St. Peter’s Basilica. This controversial coronation restored the
Western Roman Empire in name and established Charlemagne as the divinely
appointed leader of most of Europe. More importantly, it placed him on equal
footing with the Byzantine Empress Irene, who ruled over the Eastern Empire in
Constantinople. Charlemagne would serve as emperor for 13 years, and his legal
and educational reforms sparked a cultural revival and unified much of Europe
for the first time since the fall of the Roman Empire.
The 1066
holiday season played host to an event that permanently changed the course of
European history. On Christmas Day, William, Duke of Normandy—better known as
William the Conqueror—was crowned king of England at Westminster Abbey in
London. This coronation came in the wake of William’s legendary invasion of the
British Isles, which had ended in October 1066 with a victory over King Harold
II at the Battle of Hastings.
William the
Conqueror’s 21-year rule would see many Norman customs and laws find their way
into English life. After consolidating his power by building famous structures
such as the Tower of London and Windsor Castle, William also gave copious land
grants to his French-speaking allies. This not only permanently changed the
development of the English language—nearly one-third of modern English is
derived from French words—but it also contributed to the rise of the feudal
system of government that characterized much of the Middle Ages.
At the end
of 1776, the Revolutionary War looked like it might be lost for colonial
forces. A series of defeats by the British had depleted morale, and many
soldiers had deserted the Continental Army. Desperate to strike a decisive
victory, on Christmas Day General George Washington led 2,400 troops on a
daring nighttime crossing of the icy Delaware River. Stealing into New Jersey,
on December 26 the Continental forces launched a surprise attack on Trenton,
which was held by a force of German soldiers known as Hessians.
General
Washington’s gamble paid off. Many of the Hessians were still disoriented from
the previous night’s holiday bender, and colonial forces defeated them with
minimal bloodshed. While Washington had pulled off a shock victory, his army
was unequipped to hold the city and he was forced to re-cross the Delaware that
same day—this time with nearly 1,000 Hessian prisoners in tow. Washington would
go on to score successive victories at the Battles of the Assunpink Creek and
Princeton, and his audacious crossing of the frozen Delaware served as a
crucial rallying cry for the beleaguered Continental Army.
On December
24, 1814, while many in the western world celebrated Christmas Eve, the United
States and Great Britain sat down to sign a famous peace agreement ending the
War of 1812. Negotiations had begun in Ghent, Belgium, earlier that August—the
same month that British forces burned the White House and the U.S. Capitol in
Washington. After more than four months of debate, the American and British
delegations agreed to a settlement that essentially ended the war as a draw.
All conquered territories were relinquished, and captured soldiers and vessels
were returned to their respective nations.
While the
Treaty of Ghent effectively ended the 32-month conflict, it did not take effect
in the United States until it was ratified in February 1815. In fact, one of
the greatest American victories of the war—at the Battle of New Orleans in
January 1815—came more than a week after the Treaty of Ghent had been signed.
At the tail
end of his term as president, Andrew Johnson gave a handful of former
Confederate rebels a famous Christmas present. By way of Proclamation 179, on
December 25, 1868, Johnson issued amnesty to “all and every person” who had
fought against the United States during the Civil War.
Johnson’s
blanket pardon was actually the fourth in a series of postwar amnesty orders
dating back to May 1865. Earlier agreements had restored legal and political
rights to Confederate soldiers in exchange for signed oaths of allegiance to
the United States, but these pardons exempted 14 classes of people including
certain officers, government officials and those with property valued over
$20,000. The Christmas pardon stood as a final and unconditional act of
forgiveness for unreconstructed Southerners, including many former Confederate
generals.
The year
1914 saw the Christmas spirit manifest itself in the most unlikely of places-a
World War I battlefield. Starting on the evening of December 24, scores of
German, British and French troops in Belgium laid down their arms and initiated
a spontaneous holiday ceasefire. The truce was reportedly instigated by the
Germans, who decorated their trenches with Christmas trees and candles and
began singing carols like “Silent Night.” British troops responded with their
own rendition of “The First Noel,” and the weary combatants eventually ventured
into “no man’s land”—the treacherous, bombed-out space that separated the
trenches—to greet one another and shake hands.
According to
accounts from the men involved, the soldiers shared cigarettes and pulls of
whiskey, and some exchanged Christmas presents with men they had been shooting
at only hours before. Taking advantage of the brief lull in combat, some
Scottish, English and German troops even played a pick-up game of soccer on the
frozen battlefield. The truce was not sanctioned by the officers on either
side, and eventually the men were called back to their respective trenches to
resume fighting. Later attempts at holiday meetings were mostly forbidden, but
as the war dragged on the “Christmas Truce” would stand as a remarkable example
of shared humanity and brotherhood on the battlefield.
As part of
1968’s Apollo 8 mission, astronauts Frank Borman, Jim Lovell and William Anders
spent the night before Christmas orbiting the moon. The operation was
originally planned to test out the lunar module—later used in the Apollo 11
moon landing—in Earth’s orbit. But when work on the module fell behind
schedule, NASA ambitiously changed the mission plan to a lunar voyage. Apollo 8
went on to result in a series of breakthroughs for manned space flight: The
three astronauts became the first men to leave Earth’s gravitational pull, the
first to orbit the moon, the first to view all of Earth from space and the
first to see the dark side of the moon.
Apollo 8 is
perhaps best remembered today for the broadcast the three astronauts made when
they entered the moon’s orbit on Christmas Eve. As viewers were shown pictures
of the moon and Earth from lunar orbit, Borman, Lovell and Anders read the
opening lines of the book of Genesis from the Bible. The broadcast—which ended
with the famous line “Merry Christmas, and God bless all of you, all of you on
the good Earth”—became one of the most watched television events in history.
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